Web Survey Bibliography
This article presents a study which compared the impact of numeric values of rating scales in mail surveys and telephone interviews. The specific numeric values presented as part of a rating scale may change the meaning of the scale's verbal endpoints, essentially resulting in responses to different questions. The authors provide a conceptual replication of this finding in a different content domain and compared the relative strength of the impact of numeric values under telephone and mail survey conditions. The data are drawn from a larger experimental survey conducted with a systematic random sample of 412 adults (18 years or older), selected from the telephone directories for Mannheim and Heidelberg, Germany, in November and December 1991. The findings of the study replicate the phenomenon observed by Norbert Schwarz et al. in a different content domain and across two administration modes. Respondents use formal features of the questionnaire to determine the exact meaning of a question. Hence, combining a verbal label with a negative numeric value suggests a more negative interpretation of the verbal scale anchor and results in more positive responses along the scale. The findings indicate that the numeric values do not need to be presented in a visual format to receive sufficient attention.
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Web survey bibliography - Schwarz, N. (10)
- Processing fluency and judgment: Implications for web survey design; 2008; Schwarz, N.
- Cognitive aspects of survey methodology; 2007; Schwarz, N.
- The construction of attitudes; 2001; Schwarz, N., Bohnerd, G.
- Formal features of rating scales and their interpretation of question meaning; 1998; Schwarz, N., Grayson, C. E., Knauper, B.
- The Direction of context effects. What determines assimilation or contrast in attitude measurement?; 1996; Sudman, S., Bradburn, N. M., Schwarz, N.
- Psychological sources of context effects in survey measurement; 1996; Sudman, S., Bradburn, N. M., Schwarz, N.
- Cognition and communication: Judgmental biases, research methods, and the logic of conversation; 1996; Schwarz, N.
- Subsequent questions may influence answers to preceding questions in mail surveys; 1995; Schwarz, N., Hippler, H. J.
- The numeric values of rating scales: A comparison of their impact in mail surveys and telephone interviews...; 1994; Schwarz, N., Hippler, H. J.
- Priming and communication: Social determinants of information use in judgments of life satisfaction; 1988; Strack, F., Martin, L. L., Schwarz, N.